I-Demystifying Smart Contract Auditing: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele

Izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile, okuyizinkontileka ezizenzelayo ezisebenza kumanethiwekhi e-blockchain, zikhule kakhulu ekudumeni ngokukhula kobuchwepheshe be-blockchain kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukaniselwe izindawo (dApps). Kodwa-ke, izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile azivumeli ubungozi noma amaphutha, njenganoma iyiphi enye ikhodi yesoftware. Ukuhlolwa kwenkontileka okuhlakaniphile kuyasiza kulesi simo. Ngaphambi kokuthi inkontileka ehlakaniphile isetshenziswe kunethiwekhi ye-blockchain, kufanele ihlolwe futhi ihlolwe ukuphepha kwayo, ukusebenziseka, nokwethembeka. 

Njengoba izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zizisebenzela zona futhi zingaguquki, azikwazi ukushintshwa ngemva kokusetshenziswa ku-blockchain. Ngakho-ke, noma yiziphi izimbobo noma amaphutha ekubhalweni kwenkontileka ehlakaniphile angaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, njengokulahlekelwa yimali, ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe, kanye nokwehluleka kwezinkontileka. Ngaphambi kokuba inkontileka ehlakaniphile isetshenziswe endaweni yangempela, izinsizakalo zokuhlola izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zibalulekile ekuboneni nasekunciphiseni izingozi ezinjalo. Ake sibone ukuthi kanjani!

Kungani Udinga Ukuhlolwa Kwenkontileka Okuhlakaniphile Kwasekuqaleni?

Izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ngokuvamile zihlanganisa okwenziwayo kwenani elikhulu nedatha ebucayi, abalingisi ababi bakuthola kuyimpokophelo ekhangayo. Onjiniyela bezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile namaqembu ephrojekthi bangakhuphula ukutholwa komsebenzisi nokuqiniseka kuma-dApps wabo ngokugcwalisa ukuhlola okuphelele ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi izinkontileka zabo ezihlakaniphile ziphephile, zithembekile, futhi zithembekile. Umhlaba we-crypto usunesikhathi waphihlizwa abaduni abafuna amaphutha ezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile. Uhlu alupheli futhi luhlanganisa ukugebenga kwe-DAO, ukuhlasela kwenethiwekhi ye-poly, kanye nokukhwabanisa kwakamuva kwe-NOMAD. Silahlekelwa yi-cryptocurrency enenani lezigidigidi zamadola ngonyaka ngenxa yamaphutha enkontileka ehlakaniphile. Izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile azikwazi ukushintshwa uma sezisetshenzisiwe; uma ikhodi yakho isilayishiwe kunethiwekhi ye-blockchain, ayikwazi ukushintshwa.

Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlelo, izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile zivame ukubandakanya imali. Ngaso sonke isikhathi uma kwenziwa umsebenzi, kungena i-blockchain transaction ehlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Ngenxa yalokho, inkontileka ehlakaniphile enephutha ngeke nje ikwazi ukulungiseka uma isisetshenzisiwe kodwa futhi izovumela abagebengu bagebe i-cryptocurrency equkethwe. Ngakho-ke, sidinga ukuhlolwa kwenkontileka okuhlakaniphile okungenazo iziphazamisi.

Ukuhlola Izivumelwano Ezihlakaniphile: Izinyathelo Ezibalulekile Ongazicabangela 

Ukubuyekezwa Kwekhodi: Ukuhlolwa okujulile kwekhodi yomthombo yenkontileka ehlakaniphile kuyisigaba sokuqala enkambisweni yokuhlola. Abahloli bahlola ikhodi ukuthola noma yimaphi amaphutha angaba khona, njengezinkinga zokuphathwa kwedatha, izilawuli zokufinyelela, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokufakwayo. I-logic, ukwakheka, kanye nokunamathela emikhubeni emihle kanye nezindinganiso zokubhala ikhodi zesikhulumi esithile se-blockchain lapho inkontileka ehlakaniphile isekelwe khona, njenge-Solidity for Ethereum, nazo ziyahlolwa.

Ukuhlolwa Kokusebenza: Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inkontileka ehlakaniphile isebenza njengoba kuhlosiwe futhi inamathela ezidingweni nasezicacisweni ezidingekayo, abahloli bahlola ukusebenza kwenkontileka ehlakaniphile. Lokhu kuhilela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukucabanga nokusebenza kwenkontileka ehlakaniphile kwenziwa kahle nokuthi isebenzisana nezinye izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile nezinhlelo zangaphandle ngendlela efanele.

Ukuhlolwa Kokuphepha: Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha okwenziwa yizinsizakalo zobungcweti zokuhlola izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile kuyisici esibalulekile sokuhlolwa kwezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile. Ukuze kutholakale noma yimaphi amaphutha noma ubuthakathaka umhlaseli angase abusebenzise, ​​abahloli benza izivivinyo eziningi zokuphepha njengokuskena ubuthakathaka, ukuhlolwa kokungena, kanye nokulingisa izinsongo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola ukumelana kwenkontileka ehlakaniphile ezinsongweni ezingaba khona, ukuhlola ukuhlaselwa okungenzeka noma izimo zokuhlukumeza, kanye nokuhlola ubuthakathaka bokuphepha obaziwayo.

Umbiko Nezincomo: Ngemva kokuqeda ukubuyekezwa kwekhodi, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuphepha, abahloli bamabhuku banikeza umbiko ophelele ohlanganisa iziphetho zabo, izeluleko, kanye nemibono yokuthuthukisa ukuphepha nokusebenza kwenkontileka ehlakaniphile. Lo mbiko ubaluleke kakhulu kumaqembu ephrojekthi kanye nabathuthukisi bezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile, ubanikeza iseluleko sendlela yokubhekana nanoma yiziphi izinkinga ezitholakalayo kanye nokuqonda ngezinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kokuhlolwa kwezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile.

Yiziphi Izinhlobo Zephrojekthi Ezidinga Izinsizakalo Zokuhlola Inkontileka Ehlakaniphile?

Amabhizinisi anokukhathazeka okuphusile mayelana nokusebenza kwamaphrojekthi awo ngoba ukwamukelwa kwezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile akunakuhlehliswa. Ukwengeza, ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphepha zenkontileka ehlakaniphile, usengozini yokulahlekelwa yinkontileka yonke kanye nazo zonke izimpahla ezixhunyiwe.

• I-Projects DefiIn 2022, i-Defi iyodwa yayibophezele ngaphezu kwe-90% yawo wonke ama-crypto hacks. Kungcono ukusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-Defi ukuze kuvikelwe amasistimu ayinkimbinkimbi, njengalawo asebenzisa izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile. Vikela izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile ezifana ne-dYdX, i-Aave, ne-Compound zingazuza ekucwaningweni kwesikhashana.
• Ukuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa okuphephile kuplathifomu ye-blockchain, ukuhlolwa kokuphepha kwe-dApp kufanele kwenziwe. Njenganoma yiluphi olunye uhlelo lokusebenza lwewebhu, i-backend ye-DApp yakhiwa kusetshenziswa iqoqo lamakhodi aziwa ngokuthi inkontileka ehlakaniphile, edinga ukuhlolwa okuphelele kokuphepha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ivikelekile. 
• Ama-NFT ayachuma ezinkundleni ezizimele ezivumela abathengi ukuthi bashintshisane ngezimpahla zabo zedijithali. Ubunikazi balezi nkundla zokhiye abayimfihlo bazo zonke izinsiza ezikusizinda sazo buwubufakazi bevelu yokuvikeleka okungaphazamiseki.
• Qalisa indali yesixuku ukuze udayise amathokheni akho kuyilapho ucwaninga ithokheni ehlakaniphile yenkontileka eyenziwa kuwo wonke amaphrothokholi amakhulu nezilimi zokuhlela, okuhlanganisa i-JavaScript, i-C++, ne-Solidity.

Ukuzijwayeza Okungcono Kakhulu Kokuhlolwa Kwezinkontileka Ezihlakaniphile Ngokuzayo 

• Hlola ngokucophelela ikhodi yomthombo yenkontileka ehlakaniphile, unake ngokukhethekile ukucabanga kwayo, ukuklama, nokubambelela kuzinkombandlela zokufaka amakhodi zenkundla ethile ye-blockchain. Bheka noma yibuphi ubuthakathaka obunamandla, njengezinkinga zokucubungula idatha, izilawuli zokufinyelela, nokuqinisekisa okokufaka.
• Hlola ukuthi inkontileka ehlakaniphile isebenza njengoba kulindelekile futhi ithobela imibandela nezicaciso ngokuhlola ukusebenza kwayo. Yenza ukuthi ingqondo nemisebenzi yenkontileka ehlakaniphile isetshenziswe ngendlela efanele nokuthi isebenzisana nezinye izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile njengoba kuhlosiwe.
• Yenza ukuhlola okumbalwa kokuvikela, okuhlanganisa ukuskena kokuba sengozini, ukuhlolwa kokungena, nokumodela okusongelayo, ukuze uthole noma yimaphi amaphutha umhlaseli angase awasebenzise ngokumelene nawe. Hlola ukuphikiswa kwezinsizakalo zokuhlola inkontileka ehlakaniphile ezinsongweni ezingaba khona, yenza izivivinyo zokuhlasela okungenzeka noma izimo zokuhlukumeza, futhi ubheke amaphutha aziwayo okuvikela.
• Landela izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zokudala izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile eziphephile, njengokunamathela ezindinganisweni zokubhala amakhodi, ukusebenzisa amaphethini ekhodi avikelekile, nokubeka endaweni yokuphatha amaphutha afanele nokuphathwa okuhlukile. Hlala wazi neziqephu zokuphepha zakamuva nezibuyekezo futhi ugweme ukusebenzisa imisebenzi ephelelwe yisikhathi noma engavikelekile namalabhulali.
• Ukuze uqinisekise ukusebenza kokuhlolwa kwenkontileka okuhlakaniphile nokuphepha ezimeni eziningi, kuhlole ngezilungiselelo ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izivivinyo namanethiwekhi ayimfihlo. Lokhu kungasiza ekutholeni noma yiziphi izinkinga ezingase zivele ekusethweni okuhlukahlukene kwenethiwekhi nezilungiselelo.
• Gcina amarekhodi aphelele okuqanjwa kwenkontileka ehlakaniphile, ukwenziwa, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha. Ngocwaningomabhuku oluzayo nokuthuthukiswa, le nto ingasetshenziswa njengomhlahlandlela. Buyekeza futhi ubuyekeze izindlela zokuphepha zenkontileka ehlakaniphile njalo ukuze uphendule noma yiziphi izinsongo noma ubuthakathaka obuguqukayo.
• Ukuze uthole imibono eyahlukene futhi uqinisekise ukuhlolwa okuphelele kokuvikeleka nokusebenza kwenkontileka ehlakaniphile, cabanga ukubandakanya abacwaningi mabhuku abaningi noma ukwenza ukubuyekezwa kontanga. Ngokusebenzisa lokhu, ungathola noma yiziphi izindawo eziyimpumputhe futhi uqiniseke
• Misa imikhawulo yokufinyelela efanele kanye nezimvume ngaphakathi kwenkontileka ehlakaniphile ukuze ukhawule amalungelo angenangqondo namalungelo okufinyelela. Ngokunamathela emcabangweni welungelo elincane, gcina izimvume namakhono enkontileka ehlakaniphile ebuncaneni obudingekayo ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza okuhlosiwe.
• Fundisa onjiniyela benkontileka abahlakaniphile mayelana nezinqubo zokufaka amakhodi ezivikelekile, amaphutha avamile okuphepha, nezindlela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokudala izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile. Lokhu kungasiza ekuvimbeleni izinkinga zokuphepha ezingaba khona kusukela ekuqaleni futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi inkontileka ehlakaniphile yakhiwe ngokuvikelekile.

Isiphetho

Ukuhlolwa kwenkontileka ehlakaniphile kuwumsebenzi oqhubekayo, hhayi umcimbi wesikhathi esisodwa. Gcina ukuphepha kuyinto eza kuqala kuyo yonke impilo yenkontileka ehlakaniphile, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kuya ekusetshenzisweni, nangale kwalokho Buyekeza futhi ubuyekeze ukuvikelwa kokuphepha kwenkontileka ehlakaniphile njalo ukuze ucabangele izinsongo ezintsha ezingaba khona kanye nobuthakathaka.

Ukuvikeleka, ukwethembeka, kanye nokusebenza kwezinkontileka ezihlakaniphile konke kuncike ekucwaningweni kwenkontileka okuhlakaniphile. Amasevisi enkontileka ehlakaniphile angakwazi ukuhlonza futhi anciphise ubungozi obungaba khona, athuthukise ukuvikeleka okuphelele nokuthembeka kwezinkontileka zabo ezihlakaniphile, futhi akhuthaze ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwe-dApps kumanethiwekhi e-blockchain ngokunamathela emikhubeni ehamba phambili, ukwenza ukubuyekezwa kwamakhodi okuphelele, ukuhlola ukusebenza, nokuhlola ukuphepha, nokugcina izinyathelo zokuphepha nemibhalo nezokuphepha. I-Antier yenza isiqiniseko sokuthi izinkontileka zakho ezihlakaniphile zivikelekile, ziyathobelana, futhi ziyasebenza. Ungase ukhululeke futhi ujabulele ukuthula kwengqondo okutholakala ngokwazi ukuthi izinkontileka zakho ezihlakaniphile ziphathwa yiqembu eliqeqeshiwe kuyilapho lisezandleni ezinhle kakhulu.